What is leukemia or leukemia? Leukemia or leukemia is the most common cancer of the blood. There are several different types of leukemia.

 What is leukemia or leukemia?

 Leukemia or leukemia is the most common cancer of the blood.  There are several different types of leukemia. 

 These are:

 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia,

 Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia,

 Chronic myeloid leukemia.

 The common name of all of them is leukemia.

 This cancer starts in the bone marrow.  This causes abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow.  More is produced in numbers.  These do not work like normal healthy white blood cells.  They tend to grow faster.  At one stage this growth is supposed to stop but it does not stop.  These cells prevent other blood cells from forming in the bone marrow.

 Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the stage of the disease.  Chemotherapy is usually applied.  It destroys harmful cancer cells.

 Many times radiation therapy is given along with chemotherapy.

 Bone marrow transplants or bone marrow transplant surgery are more likely to cure.

 Pathologist Rudolf Virkau first observed leukemia in 1845. Virkau called it leukemia after seeing abnormal white blood cell counts in a patient's blood sample.  Ten years later, another pathologist, Franz Ernst Christian Newman, noticed that the normal color of the bone marrow of a leukemia patient was greenish yellow instead of red.

 This observation prompted Newman to blame the bone marrow for the abnormal bleeding of the leukemia patient.

 In 1972, researchers Emile Freirech and Emile Freire succeeded in using simultaneous chemotherapy to cure leukemia.

 In most cases, the main symptom is an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells.  The name of the disease has been derived from it - Luke means white, Hemo means blood.  These white blood cells circulating in the blood are immature and useless.  And their proliferation in the blood-producing bone marrow disrupts normal blood cell production locally.  However, not all leukemias have a high white blood cell count.  In some cases, leukemia or sub-leukemia, or almost normal number of white blood cells, may occur.  (Such as "hair cell leukemia" is widely seen in a leukemia).

 Therefore, this disease is caused by the abnormality of blood cells, not by numbers.

 The exact cause of leukemia is unknown.  The causes of different leukemia can be different.  Both hereditary and environmental factors may be involved.  Risk factors include smoking, radioactivity, and certain chemicals such as benzene.

 People who have a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk.

 There are four main types of leukemia:

 1) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL),

 2) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML),

 3) Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) and

 4) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).  It is a part of the neoplasm.

 Treatment is through chemotherapy, radioactive therapy, bone marrow transplantation, etc.  Some leukemia can be controlled by careful observation.  The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person affected.

 The average patient surviving five years in the United States is 56%.

 The average survival rate of children under 15 years of age is more than 70-75% depending on the type of leukemia.

 People with acute leukemia who are free of cancer after five years are less likely to get cancer again.

 In 2012, 352,000 people worldwide were diagnosed with leukemia, of which 285,000 died.

 It is most common in children, of which three-quarters are ALL.

 Identify about 90% of adults with leukemia, of which AML and CLL are predominant.

 Acute leukemia:

 Rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells.  As a result, the bone marrow cannot produce full blood cells.  Acute leukemia should be treated promptly, because of the rapid proliferation of malignant cells and the spread of blood to other parts of the body.  It is the most common type of leukemia in children.

 Chronic leukemia:

 Almost full, but abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells.  Cells tend to be produced at a much higher rate than normal, resulting in an increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells.  It takes about months to years to get to that stage. Acute leukemia is monitored to get the highest results in chronic leukemia, even if prompt treatment is taken.  Most chronic leukemia occurs in adults.

 In addition, leukemia is further divided based on the type of blood cells being affected.

 E.g. -

 Lymphocytic or lymphocytic leukemia

 And myelgenous leukemia.

 In lymphocytic leukemia, there is a malignant change in a type of marrow cell that produces lymph.

 In myelgeneous leukemia, a type of malignant change occurs in the marrow cells that produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and microglia.

 These two variants can be divided into four main divisions, which have subdivisions.  Some rare leukemia is classified as another.

 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most common in children.  It also affects adults, especially those 65 years of age or older. They are given chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Survival rates vary by age - 85% of children and 50% of adults.

 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is more common in people over the age of 55.  It can happen to young adults, but it can be said that children do not have it.  Two-thirds of the victims are men.

 The 5 year survival rate is 75%.  It is incurable, but there are some effective treatments.

 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mainly affects adults, rarely children, most of whom are women.  It is treated with chemotherapy,

 The five-year survival rate is 40%, with the exception of acute prophylactic leukemia, which is above 90%.

 Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults, rarely in children.  The 5 year survival rate is 90%.

 Symptoms:

 Symptoms of anemia can be caused by a disruption of normal blood production - such as:

 In the absence of molecules, blood clotting is impaired and bleeding occurs with minor injuries:

 a) Black blood deposits can be seen under the skin.

 b) The gums may be swollen.

 c) Red clotted blood can be seen in the white part of the eye.

 Lack of white blood cells can lead to various infectious diseases:

 a) Fever, shivering etc.

 b) Wounds with pus in various places.

 Lack of red blood cells can cause anemia:

 There may be weakness, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, etc.

 The liver and spleen may increase.

 Pressure on the bones can cause pain.

 Causes of leukemia:

 There is no single cause for leukemia.  Some known causes, which are not a big issue in the control of a normal person, can be an exception if they get out of control.  Most causes of leukemia are unknown.  There are many different causes of different types of leukemia.

 Like other cancers, mutations in DNA cause leukemia.  Such mutations cause leukemia by activating cancer-activating agents or by inactivating tumor-suppressing genes and impair normal cell function.  Such mutations can occur spontaneously or due to radiation from radioactive substances.

 Family history shows that some people have hereditary leukemia.  One or more genes of the infected person are found to be the same.  In some cases the same leukemia is seen in other members of the family.  An infected person in another family may have different types of leukemia.

 In addition to these genetic factors, those with chromosomal abnormalities have a very high risk of developing leukemia.  For example, people with Down syndrome are more likely to have acute leukemia, especially AML.

 Leukemia detection:

 Leukemia can be detected by a thorough blood test and bone marrow test, although in some rare cases the patient's blood test does not detect leukemia because the leukemia is at an early stage.  Lymph node biopsies are performed to detect other leukemia.

 After identification, blood tests are performed to determine the effects of chemotherapy on the liver and kidneys.  If there is significant damage to leukemia, the doctor may order X-rays, MRI, ultrasonography, etc.  Finally, CT scans can be done to examine the lymph nodes in the chest, but that is very rare.

 Although all of these tests show if a patient has leukemia, many do not recognize it.  This is because many symptoms are vague, not specific, which can lead to other diseases.  That's why the American Cancer Society thinks that at least one-fifth of leukemia sufferers should not be identified.

 Genetic mutations are tested for genetic sequencing.

 Medical and drug application:

 Most leukemia treatments are through medication, usually using multiple medications.  Some patients are treated with chemotherapy.  In some cases, bone marrow transplant is effective.

 Acute lymphoblastic:

 Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia emphasizes bone marrow control.  In addition, the spread of leukemia-infected cells must be prevented, especially in the central nervous system (CNS).  In general, this treatment can be divided into several parts.

 a) Induction chemotherapy

 b) Consolidation therapy or intensification therapy to destroy the remaining leukemia cells.

 c) CNS prophylaxis to prevent leukemia from spreading to the nervous system and brain.

 d) Maintenance treatment

 Chronic lymphocytes:

 The reasons for which treatment is usually given

 a) Decreased number of hemoglobin or molecules

 b) Progression to a later stage of the disease

 c) Increased size of spleen or lymph glands due to disease

 d) Excessive growth of lymphocytes or lymphocytes.

 Treatment Passage:

 CLL is not curable in the current medical system.  First aid such as prednisone chemotherapy is given.

 Acute myelogenous:

 Various anti-cancer drugs are effective for the treatment of AML.  Treatment depends on the type of AML and the age of the patient.  Its purpose is to control diseases of the bone marrow and the body as a whole, as well as to treat the central nervous system.

 Dr.  Md Sheerajul Islam

 DHMS.  BSc (Hon) MSc (Math).

 LLB.  LLM, MBA

 Cell: +88 01976594935 (Whatsup for SMS)

 Email: sheerajulislam@gmail.com

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